Ukusukela oko i-WHO yabhengeza ngokusesikweni i-COVID-19 “njengobhubhani” wehlabathi nge-11 kaMatshi, amazwe ehlabathi ngamxhelo mnye akuthathele ingqalelo ukubulala iintsholongwane njengomgca wokuqala wokuzikhusela ukunqanda ukusasazeka kwalo bhubhani.Amaziko ophando lwezenzululwazi ngakumbi nangakumbi abe nomdla kakhulu kwi-ultraviolet (UV) isibane se-irradiation disinfection: obu buchwepheshe bokubulala iintsholongwane bufuna ukusebenza kancinci ngesandla, akonyusi ukuxhathisa kwebhaktheriya, kwaye kunokwenziwa ukude ngaphandle kwabantu abakhoyo.Ulawulo olukrelekrele kunye nokusetyenziswa lufaneleke ngokukodwa kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke ezivaliweyo ezinoxinano oluphezulu lwabantu, amaxesha okuhlala ixesha elide nalapho usulelo olunqamlezayo lunokwenzeka kakhulu.Sele ibe yeyona nto iphambili ekuthinteleni ubhubhane, ukuvala inzala kunye nokubulala iintsholongwane.Ukuthetha ngemvelaphi ye-ultraviolet sterilization kunye nezibane zokubulala iintsholongwane, kufuneka siqale ngokukhawuleza ngokufunyanwa kokukhanya "i-ultraviolet".
Imitha ye-Ultraviolet ilula kunye ne-750THz ukuya kwi-30PHz ekukhanyeni kwelanga, ehambelana nobude be-400nm ukuya kwi-10nm kwi-vacuum.Ukukhanya kwe-Ultraviolet kune-frequency ephezulu kunokukhanya okubonakalayo kwaye akunakubonwa ngeso lenyama.Kudala, abantu bebengayazi ukuba ikho.
Ritter (UJohann Wilhelm Ritter(1776-1810)
Emva kokuba isazi sefiziksi saseBritani uHerschel efumene imitha yobushushu obungabonakaliyo, imitha ye-infrared, ngo-1800, ibambelela kwingcamango yefiziksi yokuba "izinto zinemigangatho emibini yokulinganisa", ingcali yefilosofi yaseJamani kunye nekhemisti uJohann Wilhelm Ritter, (1776-1810), yafunyanwa ngo-1801 ukuba kukho ukukhanya okungabonakaliyo ngaphaya kwe-violet end ye-spectrum ebonakalayo.Wafumanisa ukuba icandelo elingaphandle kwencam yemitha yelanga linokwazisa imifanekiso eshukumayo enebromide esilivere, ngaloo ndlela ifumanise ubukho bokukhanya kweultraviolet.Ke ngoko, uRitter waziwa ngokuba nguyise wokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet.
Imitha ye-Ultraviolet inokwahlulwa ibe yi-UVA (i-wavelength 400nm ukuya kwi-320nm, i-frequency ephantsi kunye ne-wave wave), i-UVB (i-wavelength 320nm ukuya kwi-280nm, i-medium frequency kunye ne-medium wave), i-UVC (i-wavelength 280nm ukuya kwi-100nm, i-high frequency kunye ne-short wave), i-EUV ( 100nm ukuya 10nm, ultra high frequency) 4 uhlobo.
Ngo-1877, i-Downs kunye ne-Blunt yabika okokuqala ukuba imitha yelanga inokubulala iibhaktheriya kwimidiya yenkcubeko, eyavula umnyango wophando kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-ultraviolet sterilization kunye nokubulala iintsholongwane.Ngo-1878, abantu bafumanisa ukuba imitha ye-ultraviolet ekukhanyeni kwelanga inefuthe lokubulala iintsholongwane kunye nokubulala iintsholongwane.Ngowe-1901 no-1906, abantu benza i-mercury arc, umthombo wokukhanya we-ultraviolet, kunye nezibane ze-quartz ezineempawu ezingcono zokuhambisa ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet.
Ngo-1960, indlela yokwenziwa kwe-ultraviolet sterilization kunye ne-disinfection yaqinisekiswa okokuqala.Kwelinye icala, xa ii-microorganisms zikhanyiselwa kukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet, i-deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ekwiseli yebhayoloji ifunxa amandla e-ultraviolet photon, kwaye iringi ye-cyclobutyl yenza i-dimer phakathi kwamaqela amabini akufuphi e-thymine kwitsheyina elifanayo le-molecule ye-DNA.(i-thymine dimer).Emva kokuba i-dimer yenziwe, i-double helix structure ye-DNA iyachaphazeleka, i-synthesis ye-RNA primers iya kumisa kwi-dimer, kwaye imisebenzi yokuphindaphinda kunye nokubhalwa kwe-DNA ithintekile.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-radicals yamahhala inokuveliswa phantsi kwe-ultraviolet irradiation, ibangela i-photoionization, ngaloo ndlela ikhusela i-microorganisms ekuphindaphindeni nasekuveliseni.Iiseli zinovakalelo kakhulu kwiifoto ze-ultraviolet kwiibhendi ze-wavelength kufuphi ne-220nm kunye ne-260nm, kwaye zinokufunxa ngokufanelekileyo amandla e-photon kula maqela mabini, ngaloo ndlela ikhusela ukuphindaphinda kwe-DNA.Uninzi lwemitha ye-ultraviolet enobude obungama-200nm okanye obufutshane bufunxwa emoyeni, ngoko ke kunzima ukusasazeka kwimigama emide.Ke ngoko, obona bude bemitha ye-ultraviolet yokuvala inzala bugxile phakathi kwe-200nm kunye ne-300nm.Nangona kunjalo, imitha ye-ultraviolet efakwe ngaphantsi kwe-200nm iya kubola iimolekyuli ze-oksijini emoyeni kwaye ivelise i-ozone, eya kudlala indima ekubulaleni nasekubulaleni iintsholongwane.
Inkqubo yokukhanya ngokukhutshwa okuchulumancisayo komphunga wemekyuri yaziwa ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19: umphunga uvalelwe kwityhubhu yeglasi, kwaye i-voltage ifakwa kwii-electrode ezimbini zetsimbi kuzo zombini iziphelo zetyhubhu, ngaloo ndlela udala umphunga. "i-arc yokukhanya" ", ukwenza umphunga ukhanye.Ekubeni ukuhanjiswa kweglasi kwi-ultraviolet kwakuphantsi kakhulu ngelo xesha, imithombo yokukhanya ye-ultraviolet eyenziweyo ayizange ibonakale.
Kwi-1904, uGqr Richard Küch waseHeraeus eJamani wasebenzisa i-bubble-free, i-high-purity glass quartz ukuze enze isibane sokuqala se-quartz se-ultraviolet mercury, i-Original Hanau® Höhensonne.U-Küch ke ngoko uthathwa ngokuba ngumqambi wesibane se-ultraviolet mercury kunye novulindlela ekusebenziseni imithombo yokukhanya okwenziweyo kwi-irradiation yabantu kunyango lokukhanya kwezonyango.
Ekubeni isibane sokuqala se-quartz se-ultraviolet mercury savela ngo-1904, abantu baqala ukufunda ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwintsimi yokuvala inzala.Kwi-1907, izibane eziphuculweyo ze-quartz ze-ultraviolet zazithengiswa ngokubanzi njengomthombo wokukhanya wonyango.Ngomnyaka we-1910, eMarseilles, eFransi, inkqubo ye-ultraviolet ye-disinfection yaqala ukusetyenziswa kwimveliso yonyango yokubonelela ngamanzi asezidolophini, kunye nomthamo wonyango wemihla ngemihla we-200 m3 / d.Malunga ne-1920, abantu baqala ukufunda i-ultraviolet kwindawo yokubulala iintsholongwane emoyeni.Ngowe-1936, abantu baqalisa ukusebenzisa iteknoloji yokuvala iultraviolet kumagumbi okusebenza esibhedlele.Ngo-1937, iinkqubo ze-ultraviolet sterilization zaqala ukusetyenziswa ezikolweni ukulawula ukusasazeka kwe-rubella.
Phakathi kwiminyaka yee-1960, abantu baqalisa ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokubulala iintsholongwane kwiultraviolet kucoceko olusezidolophini.Ukususela kwi-1965 ukuya kwi-1969, iKomishoni yeMithombo yaManzi yase-Ontario eCanada yenze uphando kunye novavanyo malunga nokusetyenziswa kwetheknoloji ye-ultraviolet ye-disinfection kwi-sewage yokucoca idolophu kunye nefuthe layo ekufumaneni imizimba yamanzi.Ngowe-1975, iNorway yavelisa isibulala-ntsholongwane se-ultraviolet, endaweni yesibulala-ntsholongwane seklorini ngeemveliso eziphuma ngaphandle.Inani elikhulu lophononongo lwangaphambili lwenziwe ngokusetyenziswa kwe-ultraviolet disinfection kunyango lwelindle ezidolophini.
Oku kwakungenxa yokuba izazinzulu ngelo xesha zaqonda ukuba i-chlorine eshiyekileyo kwinkqubo yokucoca i-chlorination esetyenziswa ngokubanzi yayiyityhefu kwiintlanzi kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo kumzimba wamanzi owamkelayo., kwaye kwafunyaniswa kwaye kwaqinisekiswa ukuba iindlela zokutshabalalisa iikhemikhali ezifana ne-chlorine disinfection inokuvelisa i-carcinogenic kunye ne-genetic aberration by-products ezifana ne-trihalomethanes (THMs).Ezi ziphumo ziye zabangela ukuba abantu bafune indlela engcono yokubulala iintsholongwane.Ngowe-1982, inkampani yaseKhanada yenza inkqubo yokuqala yehlabathi evulekileyo yokubulala iintsholongwane kwi-ultraviolet.
Ngo-1998, i-Bolton yabonisa ukusebenza kokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet ekutshabalaliseni iprotozoa, ngaloo ndlela ikhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwetekhnoloji yokubulala iintsholongwane kwi-ultraviolet kwezinye iindlela zonyango lonikezelo lwamanzi edolophini.Ngokomzekelo, phakathi kowe-1998 nowe-1999, iziko lokubonelela ngamanzi eVanhakaupunki nasePitkäkoski eHelsinki, eFinland, zalungiswa ngokulandelelana kwazo kwaza kongezwa neenkqubo zokubulala iintsholongwane kwiultraviolet, umthamo wokunyanga uwonke omalunga ne-12,000 m3/h;I-EL e-Edmonton, eCanada i-Smith Water Supply Plant nayo ifake izixhobo ze-ultraviolet disinfection malunga ne-2002, kunye nomthamo wonyango wemihla ngemihla ye-15,000 m3 / h.
NgoJulayi 25, 2023, iChina yabhengeza umgangatho wesizwe "Ultraviolet germicidal isibane esisemgangathweni inombolo GB 19258-2003".Igama eliqhelekileyo lesiNgesi lithi: Isibane se-Ultraviolet germicidal.NgoNovemba 5, 2012, iChina yabhengeza umgangatho wesizwe "Izibane ezibandayo ze-ultraviolet germicidal standard number GB/T 28795-2012".Igama eliqhelekileyo lesiNgesi lithi: Cold cathode ultraviolet germicidal lamps.Ngomhla wama-29 kaDisemba, i-2022, i-China yabhengeza i-"Energy Efficiency Limit Values and Efficiency Level Level Number of Ballasts for Gas Discharge Lamps for General Lighting: GB 17896-2022" umgangatho wesizwe, igama lesiNgesi eliqhelekileyo: Ubuncinci amaxabiso avumelekileyo okusebenza kwamandla kunye namandla. amabakala asebenzayo eeballasts kwizibane ezikhupha igesi zokukhanyisa ngokubanzi ziya kuphunyezwa nge-1 kaJanuwari 2024.
Okwangoku, itekhnoloji ye-ultraviolet sterilization iphuhliselwe kwitekhnoloji ekhuselekileyo, ethembekileyo, esebenzayo kunye neyobume bendalo.Itekhnoloji ye-Ultraviolet sterilization ngokuthe ngcembe ithatha indawo yeendlela zemveli zokubulala iintsholongwane kwaye ibe yeyona teknoloji iphambili yokubulala iintsholongwane.Isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe, njengokucocwa kwegesi yenkunkuma, unyango lwamanzi, ukuvala inzala, ukuvala umoya, njl.
Ixesha lokuposa: Dec-08-2023